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The five techniques were illegal interrogation methods which were originally developed by the British military in other operational theaters and then applied to detainees during the Troubles in Northern Ireland. They have been defined as prolonged wall-standing, hooding, subjection to noise, deprivation of sleep, and deprivation of food and drink. The five techniques were classified as torture by the European Commission of Human Rights in 1976, however this was overturned in 1978 by appeal to the European Commission of Human Rights. ==Background== They were first used in Northern Ireland in 1971 as part of Operation Demetrius – the mass arrest and internment (imprisonment without trial) of people suspected of involvement with the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Out of those arrested, fourteen were subjected to a programme of "deep interrogation" using the five techniques. This took place at a secret interrogation centre in Northern Ireland. For seven days, when not being interrogated, the detainees were kept hooded and handcuffed in a cold cell and subjected to a continuous loud hissing noise. Here they were forced to stand in a stress position for many hours and were deprived of sleep, food and drink. They were also repeatedly beaten, and some reported being kicked in the genitals, having their heads banged against walls and being threatened with injections. The effect was prolonged pain, physical and mental exhaustion, severe anxiety, depression, hallucinations, disorientation and repeated loss of consciousness.〔(''The Guineapigs'' ) by John McGuffin (1974, 1981). (Chapter 4: The Experiment ).〕〔(''The Guineapigs'' ) by John McGuffin (1974, 1981). (Chapter 6: Replay ).〕 It also resulted in long-term psychological trauma. The fourteen became known as "the Hooded Men" and were the only detainees in Northern Ireland subjected to all five techniques together. Other detainees were subjected to at least one of the five techniques along with other interrogation methods.〔(''The Guineapigs'' ) by John McGuffin (1974, 1981). (Chapter 9: Down on the Killing Floor ).〕 In 1976, the European Commission of Human Rights ruled that the five techniques amounted to torture. The case was then referred to the European Court of Human Rights. In 1978 the court ruled that the techniques were "inhuman and degrading" and breached the European Convention on Human Rights, but did not amount to "torture". In 2014, the RTÉ’s Investigation Unit discovered in the British National Archives in Kew, a letter written by the then Home Secretary Merlyn Rees, who described it as torture, and that the decision to use it in 1971-1972 was taken by ministers.〔http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/british-ministers-sanctioned-torture-of-ni-internees-1.1820882〕 The Irish Government asked the European Court of Human Rights to review its judgement and acknowledge the five techniques as torture. The Court's ruling, that the five techniques did not amount to torture, was later cited by the United States and Israel to justify their own interrogation methods,〔("The Hooded Men - joint press release from CAJ and the Pat Finucane Centre" ). Committee on the Administration of Justice. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.〕 which included the five techniques.〔("Paper trail: from Northern Ireland's hooded men to CIA's global torture" ). Amnesty International. 9 December 2014. Quote: "Within months, the CIA was using the ‘five techniques’ in Iraq, Afghanistan and around the world."〕 British agents also taught the five techniques to the forces of Brazil’s military dictatorship.〔("How the UK taught Brazil's dictators interrogation techniques" ). BBC News. 30 May 2014.〕 During the Iraq War, the illegal use of the five techniques by British soldiers contributed to the death of Baha Mousa.〔("Baha Mousa inquiry: 'Serious discipline breach' by army" ). BBC News. 8 September 2011.〕〔("Baha Mousa inquiry: innocent father died due to Army's failings" ). The Telegraph. 8 September 2011.〕 ==Parker Report== In response to the public and Parliamentary disquiet on 16 November 1971, the Government commissioned a committee of inquiry chaired by Lord Parker, the Lord Chief Justice of England to look into the legal and moral aspects of the use of the five techniques. The "Parker Report"〔 held at CAIN part of ARK in collaboration with Queen's University Belfast and University of Ulster〕 was published on 2 March 1972, and had found the five techniques to be illegal under domestic law: On the same day (2 March 1972), the United Kingdom Prime Minister Edward Heath stated in the House of Commons: "As foreshadowed in the Prime Minister's statement, directives expressly prohibiting the use of the techniques, whether singly or in combination, were then issued to the security forces by the Government". These are still in force and the use of such methods by UK security forces would not be condoned by the Government. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 In response to the public and Parliamentary disquiet on 16 November 1971, the Government commissioned a committee of inquiry chaired by Lord Parker, the Lord Chief Justice of England to look into the legal and moral aspects of the use of the five techniques.The "Parker Report" held at CAIN part of ARK in collaboration with Queen's University Belfast and University of Ulster was published on 2 March 1972, and had found the five techniques to be illegal under domestic law:On the same day (2 March 1972), the United Kingdom Prime Minister Edward Heath stated in the House of Commons:"As foreshadowed in the Prime Minister's statement, directives expressly prohibiting the use of the techniques, whether singly or in combination, were then issued to the security forces by the Government". These are still in force and the use of such methods by UK security forces would not be condoned by the Government.">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■In response to the public and Parliamentary disquiet on 16 November 1971, the Government commissioned a committee of inquiry chaired by Lord Parker, the Lord Chief Justice of England to look into the legal and moral aspects of the use of the five techniques.The "Parker Report" held at CAIN part of ARK in collaboration with Queen's University Belfast and University of Ulster was published on 2 March 1972, and had found the five techniques to be illegal under domestic law:On the same day (2 March 1972), the United Kingdom Prime Minister Edward Heath stated in the House of Commons:"As foreshadowed in the Prime Minister's statement, directives expressly prohibiting the use of the techniques, whether singly or in combination, were then issued to the security forces by the Government". These are still in force and the use of such methods by UK security forces would not be condoned by the Government.">ウィキペディアで「The five techniques were illegal interrogation methods which were originally developed by the British military in other operational theaters and then applied to detainees during the Troubles in Northern Ireland. They have been defined as prolonged wall-standing, hooding, subjection to noise, deprivation of sleep, and deprivation of food and drink. The five techniques were classified as torture by the European Commission of Human Rights in 1976, however this was overturned in 1978 by appeal to the European Commission of Human Rights.==Background==They were first used in Northern Ireland in 1971 as part of Operation Demetrius – the mass arrest and internment (imprisonment without trial) of people suspected of involvement with the Irish Republican Army (IRA). Out of those arrested, fourteen were subjected to a programme of "deep interrogation" using the five techniques. This took place at a secret interrogation centre in Northern Ireland. For seven days, when not being interrogated, the detainees were kept hooded and handcuffed in a cold cell and subjected to a continuous loud hissing noise. Here they were forced to stand in a stress position for many hours and were deprived of sleep, food and drink. They were also repeatedly beaten, and some reported being kicked in the genitals, having their heads banged against walls and being threatened with injections. The effect was prolonged pain, physical and mental exhaustion, severe anxiety, depression, hallucinations, disorientation and repeated loss of consciousness.(''The Guineapigs'' ) by John McGuffin (1974, 1981). (Chapter 4: The Experiment ).(''The Guineapigs'' ) by John McGuffin (1974, 1981). (Chapter 6: Replay ). It also resulted in long-term psychological trauma. The fourteen became known as "the Hooded Men" and were the only detainees in Northern Ireland subjected to all five techniques together. Other detainees were subjected to at least one of the five techniques along with other interrogation methods.(''The Guineapigs'' ) by John McGuffin (1974, 1981). (Chapter 9: Down on the Killing Floor ).In 1976, the European Commission of Human Rights ruled that the five techniques amounted to torture. The case was then referred to the European Court of Human Rights. In 1978 the court ruled that the techniques were "inhuman and degrading" and breached the European Convention on Human Rights, but did not amount to "torture". In 2014, the RTÉ’s Investigation Unit discovered in the British National Archives in Kew, a letter written by the then Home Secretary Merlyn Rees, who described it as torture, and that the decision to use it in 1971-1972 was taken by ministers.http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/british-ministers-sanctioned-torture-of-ni-internees-1.1820882 The Irish Government asked the European Court of Human Rights to review its judgement and acknowledge the five techniques as torture.The Court's ruling, that the five techniques did not amount to torture, was later cited by the United States and Israel to justify their own interrogation methods,("The Hooded Men - joint press release from CAJ and the Pat Finucane Centre" ). Committee on the Administration of Justice. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014. which included the five techniques.("Paper trail: from Northern Ireland's hooded men to CIA's global torture" ). Amnesty International. 9 December 2014. Quote: "Within months, the CIA was using the ‘five techniques’ in Iraq, Afghanistan and around the world." British agents also taught the five techniques to the forces of Brazil’s military dictatorship.("How the UK taught Brazil's dictators interrogation techniques" ). BBC News. 30 May 2014.During the Iraq War, the illegal use of the five techniques by British soldiers contributed to the death of Baha Mousa.("Baha Mousa inquiry: 'Serious discipline breach' by army" ). BBC News. 8 September 2011.("Baha Mousa inquiry: innocent father died due to Army's failings" ). The Telegraph. 8 September 2011.==Parker Report==Parker Report (1972) redirects to this section heading if this is changed please change the redirect-->In response to the public and Parliamentary disquiet on 16 November 1971, the Government commissioned a committee of inquiry chaired by Lord Parker, the Lord Chief Justice of England to look into the legal and moral aspects of the use of the five techniques.The "Parker Report" held at CAIN part of ARK in collaboration with Queen's University Belfast and University of Ulster was published on 2 March 1972, and had found the five techniques to be illegal under domestic law:On the same day (2 March 1972), the United Kingdom Prime Minister Edward Heath stated in the House of Commons:"As foreshadowed in the Prime Minister's statement, directives expressly prohibiting the use of the techniques, whether singly or in combination, were then issued to the security forces by the Government". These are still in force and the use of such methods by UK security forces would not be condoned by the Government.」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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